The pasha also attempted to reorganize his troops on European lines, but this led to a formidable mutiny in Cairo.
It was also under Muhammad Ali's encouragement that the overland transit of goods from Europe to India via Egypt was resumed. This made Egypt increasingly reliant on Britain for both military and economic aid. However, upon the French defeat and departure, Muhammad Ali seized controlof the country, and declared himself ruler of Egypt, quickly consolidating a… Mehemet Ali had already, in 1821, been appointed by him governor of Crete, which he had occupied with a small Egyptian force.
During the khedivate, the standard form of Egyptian currency was the Although the adoption of modern industrial techniques was begun under The cotton grown had been brought from the Sudan by Efforts were made to promote education and the study of medicine.
The project of the While Ibrahim was engaged in the second Arabian campaign the pasha turned his attention to strengthening the Egyptian economy. Before the outbreak of the His foresight was rewarded by the invitation of the sultan to help him in the task of subduing the Greek insurgents, offering as reward the pashaliks of the Morea and of Syria. Upon the conquest of the Sultanate of Egypt by the Ottoman Empire in 1517, the country was governed as an Ottoman eyalet (province). He set up a number of factories and began digging in 1819 a new canal to Alexandria, called the Another notable fact in the economic progress of the country was the development of the cultivation of cotton in the Delta in 1822 and onwards. Following the French invasion of Egypt in 1798 and Napoleon's defeat of Egyptian forces, which consisted largely of the ruling Mamluk military caste, the Ottoman Empire dispatched troops from Rumelia (the Balkan provinces of the Ottoman Empire) under the command of Muhammad Ali Pasha to restore the Empire's authority in what had hitherto been an Ottoman province. Muhammad Ali's life was endangered, and he sought refuge by night in the citadel, while the soldiery committed many acts of plunder. In the autumn of 1824 a fleet of 60 Egyptian warships carrying a large force of 17,000 disciplined troops concentrated in Suda Bay, and, in the following March, with Ibrahin as commander-in-chief landed in the Morea. Ali's intentions for Sudan was to extend his rule southward, to capture the valuable caravan trade bound for the Red Sea, and to secure the rich gold mines which he believed to exist in Muhammad Ali was fully conscious that the empire which he had so laboriously built up might at any time have to be defended by force of arms against his master Sultan Mahmud also was already planning reforms borrowed from the West, and Muhammad Ali, who had had plenty of opportunity of observing the superiority of European methods of warfare, was determined to anticipate the sultan in the creation of a fleet and an army on European lines, partly as a measure of precaution, partly as an instrument for the realization of yet wider schemes of ambition. He created state monopolies over the chief products of the country. His naval superiority wrested from the Greeks the command of a great deal of the sea, on which the fate of the insurrection ultimately depended, while on land the Greek irregular bands, having largely soundly beaten the Porte's troops, had finally met a worthy foe in Ibrahim's disciplined troops. The Porte was content to permit local rule to remain in the hands of the Mamluks, the Egyptian military caste of Circassian, and Turkic origin who had held power in Egypt since the 13th century. He first sent an expedition westward (Feb. 1820) which conquered and annexed the Siwa oasis. Isma'il made no effort to reconcile with the European powers, who pressured the Ottoman sultan into removingBritish naval forces shelled and captured Alexandria, and an expeditionary force under General Sir Meanwhile, a religious rebellion had broken out in the Sudan, led by The Khalifa was hunted down and killed in 1899, in the Abbas II became very hostile to the British as his reign drew on, and, by 1911, was considered by Lord Kitchener to be a "wicked little Khedive" worthy of deposition.