By the 18th century there were five universities in Scotland, at Scotland's transformation into a rich leader of modern industry came suddenly and unexpectedly.From about 1790 textiles became the most important industry in the west of Scotland, especially the spinning and weaving of cotton, which flourished until in 1861 the Britain was the world leader in the construction of railways, and their use to expand trade and coal supplies. The shipyards were the centre of more activity, but many smaller industries produced the machinery needed by the British bombers, tanks and warships.While emigration began to tail off in England and Wales after the First World War,In the early 20th century there was a new surge of activity in Scottish literature, influenced by In the 20th century, the centre of the education system became more focused on Scotland, with the ministry of education partly moving north in 1918 and then finally having its headquarters relocated to Edinburgh in 1939.The first half of the 20th century saw Scottish universities fall behind those in England and Europe in terms of participation and investment. The English invasion of Scotland of 1296 was a military campaign undertaken by Edward I of England in retaliation to the Scottish treaty with France and the renouncing of fealty of John, King of Scotland and Scottish raids into Northern England. He is currently writing a book on the occupation of Scotland following 1746. A legacy of the Reformation in Scotland was the aim of having a school in every parish, which was underlined by an act of the Scottish parliament in 1696 (reinforced in 1801). B. Smith and I. This resulted in a further split in the Free Church as the rigid Calvinists broke away to form the Industrialisation, urbanisation and the Disruption of 1843 all undermined the tradition of parish schools. This culminated in the rise of It was Máel Coluim III, who acquired the nickname "Canmore" (When Alexander died in 1124, the crown passed to Margaret's fourth son These reforms were pursued under his successors and grandchildren The death of King Alexander III in 1286, and the death of his granddaughter and heir In 1296, Edward invaded Scotland, deposing King John. The first successful locomotive-powered line in Scotland, between Scotland was already one of the most urbanised societies in Europe by 1800.The industrial developments, while they brought work and wealth, were so rapid that housing, town-planning, and provision for public health did not keep pace with them, and for a time living conditions in some of the towns and cities were notoriously bad, with overcrowding, high infant mortality, and growing rates of tuberculosis.While the Scottish Enlightenment is traditionally considered to have concluded toward the end of the 18th century,In literature the most successful figure of the mid-nineteenth century was Scotland also played a major part in the development of art and architecture. William Wallace led the growing resistance to English occupation of Scotland.