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Each division received some attention from these planes, which returned to their bases reporting additional probable hits. The Battle of Cape Matapan Apparently, the Italians were sending detailed messages about a planned attack on a Royal Navy convoy carrying supplies from Cairo to Greece. At the end of March 1941 under the pressure of German, the Italian fleet planned to launch an attack on British fleet. Found inside – Page 210Cape Matapan, Battle of On the night of March 28, 1941, British and Italian ships fought at Cape Matapan (now Cape Taínaron), in the Mediterranean, ... Meanwhile, the Italians continued to steam eastward toward the same waters south of Crete, still hoping to bag a fat British convoy. At Cape Matapan she helped sink three Italian cruisers. [47] Battle of Trafalgar: 21 October 1805, naval engagement of the Napoleonic Wars, which established British naval supremacy for more than 100 years; it was fought west of Cape Trafalgar, Spain, between Cádiz and the Strait of Gibraltar. The British battleships made a 90-degree turn to retire and escape the counterattack. It was Ultra intelligence that forewarned the Soviets of German intentions at the battle of Kursk, defeat in which robbed the Wehrmacht of its offensive capacity. That afternoon, a British Short Sunderland reconnaissance plane from Crete spotted the Italian ships while they were still in the Aegean. Illustration by Dennis Andrews. At 0650, however, the Ro.43 pilot flying the southern course advised that he had made visual contact with four British light cruisers accompanied by four destroyers. Now, he ignored the thought that the British would seek every means to destroy him. In February 1941, the senior naval staffs of each nation met for three days to plan joint operations. The humiliating defeat of Mussolini’s navy at the Battle of Cape Matapan was a … The story of the British Eastern Fleet, which operated in the Indian Ocean against Japan, has rarely been told. LibriVox About. Generally older, slower, and less well armed than their Italian counterparts, many British ships, especially the destroyers, had gone for long periods without routine maintenance. Cunningham ordered a change of course for his battleships to intercept the invisible targets that radar had identified. These rapid conquests, added to the Germans’ previous victories in Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland, made the Third Reich the most powerful country in Europe, if not the world. 19th century painting owned by the U.S. Navy and on display at the Hampton Roads Naval Museum in Norfolk, VA "No land force can act decisively unless it is accompanied by maritime superiority"---General George Washington "The Battle of Chesapeake Bay was one of the decisive battles of the world. Hoping to catch a British convoy by surprise but unsure if a convoy was even at sea, a powerful Italian squadron weighed anchor on March 26, 1941. Cunningham gave orders for all British units in the eastern Mediterranean to converge south of Crete at 1700 hours on March 28. Moreover, the British ships were led by one of the most competent and aggressive sailors in the Royal Navy. On the night of November 11, 1940, Fairey Swordfish torpedo planes from the aircraft career HMS Illustrious sank or damaged several of Italy’s capital ships in a daring raid. At approximately 1510, they sighted the Italian battleship fleet as it was being attacked by some of the high-altitude bombers from Crete. The World War I-vintage Barham could barely keep up. Both Axis and Allied navies were vying for control of the Mediterranean in World War Two. The Weaver Option is a Worm/Warhammer 40,000 crossover fic by Antony444. Found insideThey fought to a stalemate in the Sahara, but had more success in the ... in a pitched sea battle, the Battle of Cape Matapan, in which significant damage ... The remaining Italian destroyers closed for an impotent torpedo attack before withdrawing into the night. As the British were shadowing the Italians, HMS Orion’s crew noted a ship far to its north. The plan called for a strong naval force to patrol the area north and south of Crete, sinking any British convoys or escort warships it might encounter. While Taranto may have been a tremendous psychological defeat, Matapan was the military defeat that finished the Italian navy. Six Albacore and four Fairey Swordfish torpedo planes from Formidable pressed toward the Italian fleet, which formed a protective cordon around the Vittorio Veneto. The Codebreakers of Bletchley Park is a character driven dive into the ultra-secret world of the codebreakers. Chuck Hagel; current US Secretary of Defense (2013). Flying low, they were not immediately noticed. Iachino also lacked confidence in his intelligence service and brought along his own cryptographer, who would be useful in deciphering some types of messages. Suddenly a torpedo hit the heavy cruiser Pola and she lay dead in the water, with her electrical system out and her boiler rooms flooded. To this reviewer, the value of the Battle Summary is not that it is a definitive treatment of the Matapan action—it is not, but rather for the light it sheds on the evolution of British tactical doctrine from the Battle of Jutland in 1916. In fact, Operation Gaudo, a plan to sweep the Royal Navy from the waters surrounding Crete, was intended to demonstrate, after a number of one-sided encounters, that the Italians were still a force to be reckoned with. Cunningham’s force reached the area at 2200, and Valiant‘s radar indeed confirmed the blip as a stopped ship, some 700 feet long, about six miles off Valiant‘s port bow. ‘THE FIRST FLEET VICTORY SINCE TRAFALGAR’: THE BATTLE OF CAPE MATAPAN AND SIGNALS INTELLIGENCE, MARCH 1941. Times when the very landscape appears to shift. Battle of Matapan. HMS Valiant, participant in the Battle of Matapan. With the powerful French Navy neutralized by the armistice with Hitler and the British bombardment at Oran crippling the Vichy fleet, Mussolini was confident that he could defeat the scant British forces arrayed against him. A second broadside followed 30 seconds later. Discerning classes of enemy warships and friend from foe were certainly two, but the continuing problems of establishing the relative position in sighting reports and working to a common time across fleet units made it difficult for Cunningham to appreciate the true situation until actual contact was made. But he bit off more than he could chew. Valiant slowed to allow her sister battleships to catch up. It is a must for World War II … The moment of truth had arrived. The Battle Summary, written post war, draws on reports of action on both sides. He could only request Italian and German aircraft through Italian naval headquarters, a fatal division of command for the mission. If the reader approaches Dark Seas as the factual narrative that it is and supplements this monograph by reading the later works appearing, such as the appropriate Naval Staff History, a strong sense of the tactical and operational lessons codified in the immediate post-Second World War Royal Navy can be discerned. From Libya, the Italian Army struck deep into Egypt to dislodge the stubborn English from Suez. There were many factors that Mussolini did not consider when he went to war. Although the experts at Bletchley first succeeded in reading German code during the 1940 Norwegian campaign, their work only began to pay off meaningfully in 1941, when they were able to gather evidence of the planned invasion of Greece, and learn Italian naval plans for the Battle of Cape Matapan. Subordinates warned him against pursuit, but he ignored their timid counsel and charged ahead. Of the entire division, only the destroyer Gioberti escaped undamaged. By 1900 hours, the third and final aerial attack was shaping up. Though ending as a surface gun action, it was the Fleet Air Arm’s strike on the Italian battleship Vittorio Veneto which led to a significant loss of speed that allowed the British battlefleet to close the range as accompanying Italian cruisers had to conform to the crippled flagship’s course and speed. Admiral Cunningham believed this sighting to be a new Italian squadron entering the fray and, to avoid confusion in the dark, ordered all of his ships not engaged with the enemy to turn northward simultaneously, allowing the remaining Italians to escape. By 0745, lookouts on the cruiser HMS Orion sighted smoke from Italian cruisers. The French also had a powerful fleet and extensive Mediterranean bases. Perhaps Supermarina officials would have been less sanguine had they known that those two battleships and their sister ship were not damaged, but anchored comfortably in Alexandria Harbor and quite ready to fight. Posted on June 13, 2017. by MSW. This allowed officers to use the accompanying plans and signals to appreciate the battle in the manner that Admiral Sir Andrew Cunningham and Vice Admiral Henry Pridham-Wippell would have and facilitated its replaying at the tactical table. One-click unsubscribe later if you don't enjoy the newsletter. From their first encounter with their celebrated captain and tyrannical executive officer to a deadly night afloat in shark-infested waters to a homecoming turned into a PR campaign, The Gun Club is a vivid day-to-day account of life on a ... This was the entire 1st Cruiser Division coming to the rescue of Pola, responding to her request for a tow. At 2220, Valiant reported the target was 4 1/2 miles away. Dark Seas is a reprint of a British Admiralty Battle Summary monograph originally published in 1950 intended for the private use of serving officers (B.R. Once identified, however, they received an intense barrage of anti-aircraft fire. But when Greece became the next target of conquest, Italy got more than it bargained for. This would give rise to later rumors that the Italian crew was drunk. This border incident set the tone for the German-Italian alliance. The plan called for these planes, along with reconnaissance aircraft from Formidable, to shadow and continually report on the location, speed and composition of the Italian flotilla. It was from the British destroyer Greyhound, assisting the accurate gunnery of Cunningham’s battleships. Subscribe to get the free product of the week! Royal Navy heavy ships now expected to fight at night and possessed the wherewithal in searchlight control, starshell illumination and developing the maximum fires in the briefest of times such actions usually were. An Italian hospital ship that arrived later that day was able to rescue an additional 160 sailors. Found insideGood Press publishes a wide range of titles that encompasses every genre. From well-known classics & literary fiction and non-fiction to forgotten−or yet undiscovered gems−of world literature, we issue the books that need to be read. 24 sailing ships met up with Pisani's 24 galleys and Maltese leader Belle Fontaine's 9 Portuguese-Maltese ships near Cape Matapan on 2 July. She was involved in the invasion of Madegascar in May 1942 before returning to the Mediterranean to provide gunfire support for the landings in Sicily and Italy. Probably it's the battle of Cape Matapan that made this class famous. . German Chancellor Adolf Hitler was the very essence of a victorious warlord. Had he consulted with his naval officers, he would have learned that Italy had a finite amount of fuel oil for its thirsty ships. Rightly fearing the intervention of the Royal Air Force (RAF), he ordered Sansonetti to terminate his pursuit and turn to a course 300 degrees west, toward home. 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